The research focuses on advances in genetic engineering for the creation of transgenic organisms, with the aim of identifying the practical applications of these innovative techniques and their impact on biotechnology. To this end, an exhaustive and systematic review of the scientific literature related to advances in genetic engineering and the creation of transgenic organisms was carried out, adopting a multidisciplinary approach that integrates knowledge of molecular biology, biotechnology, ethics in science and international legislation. The methodology used was based on a data search in renowned academic and scientific databases, using a combination of keywords such as “genetic engineering”, “transgenic organisms”, “CRISPR-Cas9” and “bioethics in biotechnology”. Priority was given to original research articles, systematic reviews and meta-analyses, excluding those studies that do not meet criteria of scientific rigor or that are not directly related to the central topic of this study. To select articles, a systematic review approach was used, using clearly defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The main research results reveal significant advances in various areas, from agriculture to medicine, including also the inherent ethical and regulatory issues. A notable increase in the number of studies focusing on gene editing, particularly with CRISPR-Cas9 technology, was identified. Of the 150 articles reviewed, approximately 60% discuss the applications of CRISPR-Cas9 in genetic modification, highlighting its precision, efficiency, and potential for applications in gene therapy and crop improvement. Furthermore, it was observed that 30% of the articles address the ethical, legal and social implications of transgenic organisms, reflecting a growing concern for the establishment of robust regulatory frameworks and the need for an inclusive dialogue with society to address ethical concerns. The main conclusions of the research highlight the importance of further research to address the environmental and health concerns associated with GM crops, as well as the need for greater public participation, dialogue and education for informed policies on these technologies.
